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From the moment in January when she first heard about the new coronavirus, Suzanne Kathro worried about catching it. In mid-August, she did.

"That's when the ghosting started," said Kathro, 72, of Hot Springs Village, Arkansas.

After she and her husband, Paul, got sick, some of their friends stopped communicating. "Just – poof!" she said. "They are gone. You don't hear from them." And when she commented about her case on a neighborhood social media site, one person told her to "put on a Hazmat suit and leave the rest of us alone."

"It was just like I was radioactive," she said.

In Atlanta, something similar happened to Marjorie Roberts after she fell ill with COVID-19 in March. People treat her, she said, as if "I'm tainted now." Friends have ignored her, or even worse, told her to keep quiet, as if she had done something shameful or was exaggerating the danger of a disease that devastated her physically and killed a close friend.

"It's very frustrating," said Roberts, 59, who was launching a career as a life coach when she got sick. "That's one of the hardest parts – the way that you get treated and the people not believing."

They and other members reached through Survivor Corps, a group formed to support COVID-19 patients, agree that the way society treats them is a real problem. But this does not surprise researchers who study such behavior.

"Stigma associated with diseases is as old as disease in humans," said Valerie Earnshaw, associate professor in human development and family sciences at the University of Delaware in Newark.

With COVID-19, stigma might take many forms, she said. It crosses the line beyond the healthy cautiousness that leads people to wear masks or practice physical distancing – and although researchers are grappling with where that line should be drawn, Earnshaw thinks "whenever there is a sense that someone is a bad person or did something wrong in the mix, you're pretty firmly in stigma territory."

Globally, stigma has led to violence and discrimination against health care workers. In the U.S., Earnshaw said, it's taken the form of a surge in hate crimes against Asian Americans. Some people have lost their jobs after testing positive.

For Roberts, stigma has led to her being scolded for talking about the disease by fellow Black Americans who thought she was hurting their image by catching something they considered a problem for people of low status.

Many people want to play down the fact that COVID-19 has hit Black people disproportionately, she said, and are "treating this like a dirty little family secret." Which baffles and angers her.

After all, she said, the disease does not discriminate. "COVID-19 doesn't care that I had a Ph.D. COVID-19 doesn't care what kind of car you drive or how many bedrooms or bathrooms you have in your house, or where you shop, or what your status is."

Henna Budhwani, assistant professor of public health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, said feelings of shame, self-blame, embarrassment and low self-worth accompany stigma. Those feelings are exacerbated in pandemic times, when people are isolated and fearful.

The harm can be wide-ranging.

"Stigma is a fundamental cause of health inequities," she said. It's bad for physical and mental health and can lead to chronic stress, which has been linked to heart disease.

It can worsen a pandemic, because people who project the disease onto some "other" group are less likely to get tested, as seen in the HIV pandemic. Earnshaw recently led a survey showing that people who believe more stereotypes about people with COVID-19 are less likely to say they would get tested if their doctor encouraged it.

Stigma can even affect people who aren't ill. "One of the things that COVID stigma can look like is gossip, social rejection and denying services generally," Earnshaw said. Think of the last time you coughed at the grocery store. Even with a mask on, "you probably got side-eye and dirty looks."

The roots of disease-related stigma may run deep.

Earnshaw said some evolutionary scientists would say humans evolved to want to avoid people who are obviously ill. We also might inherently want to avoid people who we fear might become a burden.

Education and knowledge are key to change, she said. "Correcting any myths, rumors, any stereotypes about COVID – that really helps." Language is important, too. "It's just really irresponsible to call this the Wuhan virus or the Chinese virus or anything that could inflame inaccurate stereotypes about the disease."

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the offer additional advice. For example, community leaders and public health officials can help prevent stigma by sharing accurate information about how the virus spreads, making sure images used in communications show diverse communities and do not reinforce stereotypes, and speaking out against stereotyping groups who experience stigma because of COVID-19.

Sharing stories of people who have recovered can be "super helpful," Earnshaw said. Kathro and Roberts say they speak out for just that reason.

Kathro said survivors have to develop what she described as a Teflon shell that lets them face the world and say, "You can throw your stigma at me, but it's not sticking."

Roberts, who still physically struggles to walk to her mailbox almost six months after falling ill, wants people to stop sweeping discussion of the disease under the rug and start acknowledging how it really works.

"It's not a Black thing," she said. "It's not a white thing. It's not an Asian thing. It's none of those things. We all are being affected by it."

Editor's note: Because of the rapidly evolving events surrounding the coronavirus, the facts and advice presented in this story may have changed since publication. Visit Heart.org for the latest coverage, and check with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and local health officials for the most recent guidance.

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